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SpaceX, Anthropic and OpenAI are all racing to the public markets. We discuss what their I.P.O.s mean for the industry, charitable giving and anyone invested in an index fund. Then, more than 1,000 mathematicians signed a declaration this week raising concerns about the use of A.I. in their field. Author Kevin Hartnett joins to explain what the fuss is all about. And finally, we run through the biggest headlines of the week — including the new executive order on A.I. — in a round of HatGPT. Guest: Kevin Hartnett, author of The Proof In the Code: How a Truth Machine is Transforming Math and AI Additional Reading: Anthropic Files to Go Public, Setting Stage for Huge I.P.O. As A.I. Makes Strides in Mathematics, Mathematicians Urge Caution ​​An SF Startup Is Secretly Testing Robots in Airbnbs, and Trashing Them, Lawsuit Claims Trump Signs Executive Order Seeking Oversight of A.I. Models U.S. Is Said to Be Investigating George Santos Over Kalshi Betting Hackers Simply Asked Meta AI to Give

with Benedict Evans

Erik Torenberg speaks with tech analyst Benedict Evans about the current state of AI, what has changed over the past year, and which questions remain unanswered. The conversation covers coding agents, foundation models, AI infrastructure spending, software economics, and the tension between today's AI excitement and the long-term realities of technology adoption. Evans discusses why coding has emerged as AI's first breakout use case, how previous platform shifts can help frame the current moment, and why many of the most important questions about AI remain unresolved. Along the way, they explore the future of software, enterprise adoption, consumer behavior, and whether AI models ultimately capture value themselves or become infrastructure for the next generation of applications. Resources: Follow Benedict Evans on X: https://x.com/benedictevans Follow Erik Torenberg on X: https://x.com/eriktorenberg Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Liste

Theo Jaffee and Sophia Puccini speak with Balaji Srinivasan and Steven Glinert about the shifting balance of power between nations, networks, and technology. The conversation covers China’s industrial rise, America’s manufacturing challenges, the role of alliances in a multipolar world, and whether the internet is becoming a political force independent of traditional nation states. They discuss supply chains, technological sovereignty, decentralization, and competing visions for the future global order. Along the way, Balaji outlines ideas from the Network State and Network School, while both guests debate how technology, economics, and political power may evolve over the coming decades. Resources: Follow Balaji Srinivasan on X: https://x.com/balajis Follow Steven Glinert on X: https://x.com/stevenglinert Follow Theo Jaffee on X: https://x.com/theojaffee Follow Sophia Puccini on X:https://x.com/schisofrenia Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedI

with Exa CEO Will Bryk

Sarah Wang speaks with Exa cofounder and CEO Will Bryk about building search infrastructure for the AI era. The conversation covers Exa’s origins, why traditional search engines were not designed for AI agents, and how search changes when the user is no longer a human but an autonomous system. They discuss retrieval, agent workflows, coding agents, data access, and why search may become a foundational layer for the emerging agent economy. Along the way, Bryk shares his views on AI-native products, the future of information discovery, and why some of the most important problems in technology can ultimately be framed as search problems. Resources: Find Will on X: https://x.com/WilliamBryk Find Sarah on X: https://x.com/sarahdingwang Check out everything a16z is doing with artificial intelligence here, including articles, projects, and more podcasts. Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or b

Theo Jaffee speaks with Steven Sinofsky about Apple’s 50th anniversary and the evolution of personal computing over the last four decades. Drawing on his experience helping lead Microsoft through the Windows era, Sinofsky reflects on the cultural differences between Apple and Microsoft, the rise of the Mac, the history of Windows, and how product design, hardware integration, and software platforms shaped the modern technology industry. They also discuss the Apple Vision Pro, the new MacBook Neo, gaming, operating systems, and why some technology cycles seem to repeat themselves. Along the way, Sinofsky shares lessons from Windows, Surface, and Microsoft’s battles with Apple, offering a firsthand perspective on some of the most consequential product decisions in computing history. Resources: Find Steven on X: https://x.com/stevesi Find Theo on X: https://x.com/theojaffee Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify

Theo Jaffee speaks with Steven Sinofsky about the next generation of personal computing and the growing role of AI-native hardware. The conversation covers NVIDIA’s entry into the PC market, Microsoft’s strategy for AI-powered devices, Apple’s hardware roadmap, and the long-running tension between backward compatibility and platform reinvention. Sinofsky explains why AI may fundamentally change how personal computers are designed, and why local inference could become increasingly important as AI workloads grow. Along the way, they discuss Windows, Surface, Arm processors, Apple Silicon, and what the future of computing might look like as AI shifts from the cloud to devices. Resources: Find Steven on X: https://x.com/stevesi Find Theo on X: https://x.com/theojaffee Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts Follow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that

Martin Casado speaks with George Fraser, cofounder and CEO of Fivetran, about the future of data infrastructure in the age of AI. The conversation covers Fivetran’s merger with dbt, the changing role of data platforms, and why Fraser believes many companies are overestimating the threat AI poses to enterprise software. They discuss open data access, the backlash against AI agents accessing systems of record, and why businesses still need centralized data foundations even as agent-based workflows become more common. Along the way, Fraser shares his views on data gravity, coding agents, enterprise AI adoption, and how AI is changing the way software companies build and operate products. Resources Follow George Fraser on X: https://x.com/frasergeorgew Follow Martin Casado on X: https://x.com/martin_casado Check out everything a16z is doing with artificial intelligence here, including articles, projects, and more podcasts. Please note that the content here is for informational purposes onl

Anish Acharya and Olivia Moore speak with Pablo Palafox and Luis Paarup about the challenges of deploying AI agents in operationally complex industries. The conversation covers the evolution of voice AI, enterprise workflows, and why logistics became an early proving ground for agent-based systems. They discuss context, coordination, and execution inside large organizations, as well as the role of forward-deployed engineering, enterprise deployment, and what it takes to move AI from experimentation into production. Resources: Pablo Palafox on X: https://x.com/pablorpalafox Luis Paarup on X: https://x.com/PaarupLuis Anish Acharya on X: https://x.com/illscience Olivia Moore on X: https://x.com/omooretweets Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts Follow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should

Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep497-sc CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/ https://drdonlincoln.com/ https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF https://bit.ly/3PCIW67 https://x.com/DrDonLincoln https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln https://adbl.co/4wGioRV https://www.youtube.com/fermilab https://www.fnal.gov/ https://x.com/fermilab SPONSORS: Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers. https://upwork.com/lex Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business. https://larridin.com Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drink

The “Hard Fork” team is taking a break this week as we prepare for our upcoming live show in San Francisco. While we’re away, we’re bringing you a recent episode of “Interesting Times” with Ross Douthat that we really enjoyed. In this episode, Ross talks with Andrew Miller, writer of the transportation policy newsletter “Changing Lanes” and co-author of the book “The End of Driving.” Together, they explore the potential benefits of driverless cars — from fewer car crashes to reclaimed time and attention — as well as what could be lost if we don’t have to be in the driver’s seat anymore. Guest: Andrew Miller, writer of the newsletter “Changing Lanes.” Additional Reading: A full transcript and video of this episode can be found here. We want to hear from you. Email us at [email protected]. Find “Hard Fork” on YouTube and TikTok. Subscribe today at nytimes.com/podcasts or on Apple Podcasts and Spotify. You can also subscribe via your favorite podcast app here https://www.nytimes.com/ac

David George, General Partner at a16z, and David Clark, CIO at VenCap, discuss how AI is reshaping venture capital and the technology industry itself. They examine why today’s AI companies are scaling faster than any previous generation of startups, and why the eventual outcomes may be significantly larger than most investors currently expect. The conversation covers frontier AI models, coding agents, open source competition, data center constraints, and who ultimately captures value in the AI ecosystem. They also discuss what these shifts mean for venture capital itself, including larger company outcomes, faster value creation, and the growing challenge of identifying durable winners in a market evolving at unprecedented speed. Resources: Follow David George on X: https://x.com/DavidGeorge83 Follow David Clark on X: https://x.com/daveclark85 Follow VenCap on X: https://www.vencap.com Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Sh

Angela Strange speaks with Dileep Thazhmon, founder and CEO of Jeeves, about building a global financial operating system for enterprises across Latin America using stablecoins and AI. The conversation covers the challenges of building localized financial infrastructure across 25 countries, from regulation and payments to underwriting and compliance. They also discuss why stablecoin adoption is accelerating in Latin America, and how AI is helping Jeeves scale billions in payment volume while automating underwriting, customer support, reconciliation, and KYB workflows. Resources: Follow Dileep Thazhmon on X: https://x.com/thazhmon Follow Angela Strange on X: https://x.com/astrange Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts Follow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, bu

In 1990, Marc Rowan walked out of Drexel with his belongings in a cardboard box. Within a year, Apollo was managing $6 billion. David Haber speaks with Marc Rowan, Cofounder, CEO, and Chair of Apollo Global Management, about building Apollo into one of the world’s largest alternative asset managers and how private capital is reshaping the global economy. The conversation covers the rise of private credit, and why Rowan believes private markets are becoming increasingly central to financing the real economy. They also discuss AI, data centers, robotics, and the growing intersection between venture-backed technology companies and large-scale private financing. Along the way, they reflect on leadership, institutional culture, and why enduring organizations must adapt rather than protect the status quo. Resources: Follow David Haber on X: https://x.com/dhaber Learn more about Apollo Global Management: https://www.apollo.com Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a1

Theo Jaffee and Sophia Puccini speak with economist Robin Hanson about prediction markets, gambling, and why he believes speculative markets are one of the most powerful tools humans have for aggregating information and forecasting outcomes. The conversation begins with Minnesota’s recent law criminalizing prediction markets before expanding into the broader backlash surrounding platforms like Kalshi and Polymarket. Hanson explains his long-term vision for “decision markets,” where markets could help guide choices made by companies, governments, and even individuals. Along the way, they discuss sports betting, games and human psychology, futurism, AI, and Hanson’s broader work on how societies misunderstand risk, incentives, and coordination Resources: Follow Robin Hanson on X: https://x.com/robinhanson Follow Theo Jaffee on X: https://x.com/theojaffee Follow Sophia Puccini on X: https://x.com/schisofrenia Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn

Originally aired on MTS segment, Monetary Matters, Jack Farley and Max Wiethe speak with Ara Kharazian, Lead Economist at Ramp, about what real business spending data says about AI adoption, why the “SaaSpocalypse” narrative is overblown, and how companies are actually buying and deploying AI tools. They also discuss Anthropic overtaking OpenAI in Ramp’s AI Index, token-based pricing, AI productivity gains, and why many legacy software firms may be more resilient than people expect. Resources: Follow Ara on X: https://x.com/arakharazian Follow Jack on X: https://x.com/JackFarley96 Follow Max on X: https://x.com/maxwiethe Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts Follow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any

with Sundar Pichai + System Update

This week, we headed to Mountain View, Calif., for the annual developer event Google I/O. We share our reactions to Google’s biggest announcements, including a revamped search box, new agentic tools that compete with OpenClaw and an updated flash model of Gemini that the company says is faster than competitors. Then, we ask Sundar Pichai, the company’s chief executive, how he’s responding to growing evidence that the public is souring on A.I., what advice he’d give to college grads frightened by the current job market and where the company stands relative to competitors in the A.I. race. Finally, we run through the other big tech headlines of the week in our segment System Update. Guest: Sundar Pichai, chief executive of Google. Additional Reading: Google Changes Its Search Box for the First Time in 25 Years How Google Is Starting to Win the A.I. Race Elon Musk Loses $150 Billion Suit Against OpenAI and Sam Altman Before Mass Layoffs, Meta Reassigns 7,000 Workers to Focus on A.I. Pope

Clem Delangue joins MTS to discuss the global open-source AI landscape, the current large language model bubble, and the future of consumer robotics. Originally aired on MTS, Theo Jaffee and Sofia Puccini speak with Clément Delangue, CEO at Hugging Face, about the global open-source AI race, why he believes the real bubble is in API-based large language models, and how robotics could become the next major interface for AI. They also discuss AI safety, U.S.-China competition, open-weight models, and why Hugging Face became the infrastructure layer for open AI development. Resources: Follow Clem on X: @ClementDelangue Follow Theo on X: @theojaffee Follow Sofia on X: @schisofrenia Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts Follow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, busi

Rahul Vorra is the founder and CEO of Superhuman, the premium email client for power users. He previously built the Gmail plug-in Reportive and sold it to LinkedIn. He began somewhere unexpected though, as a game designer on RuneScape. In this conversation, Rahul breaks down why most founders misunderstand product market fit, why premium can actually hurt your business, and how deliberate constraint can become your biggest advantage. Follow Rahul Vohra on X: https://x.com/rahulvohra Follow Fareed Mosavat on X: https://x.com/far33d Stay Updated: Find a16z on YouTube: YouTube Find a16z on X Find a16z on LinkedIn Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts Follow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any

Marc Andreessen joins Joe Rogan for a conversation on AI, politics, technology, and the future of American society. They discuss how artificial intelligence is rapidly moving from novelty to infrastructure, and why Andreessen believes its long-term impact will be overwhelmingly positive despite growing public fear around automation and surveillance. The conversation covers the explosion of AI coding tools, the emergence of “AI agents,” and how these systems are already reshaping software development, medicine, and education. Andreessen argues that AI should be understood less as replacement technology and more as a universal layer of cognitive augmentation, giving individuals access to capabilities that previously required teams of experts. They also discuss the political and cultural dynamics surrounding AI, from fears about mass unemployment and surveillance to concerns about censorship, centralized power, and China’s accelerating AI ecosystem. Along the way, the discussion expands i

Erin Price-Wright speaks with Michael Duffey and Dino Mavrookas about what it will take to rebuild the American defense industrial base for a new era of competition. As production capacity becomes a central constraint, they outline how the system must shift toward speed, scale, and modern manufacturing. The conversation covers the role of autonomy in both defense systems and industrial processes, and how new approaches to design, labor, and production can dramatically reduce cost and complexity. Mavrookas explains how building for software and autonomy enables entirely new classes of platforms, while Duffey emphasizes the need for structural changes in how the Department of Defense works with industry. They also discuss the importance of commercial markets in supporting defense capabilities, the fragility of existing supply chains, and why aligning private capital with national priorities is essential to long-term resilience. Resources: Follow Michael on X: https://x.com/USDASDuffey Fo